RESUMOAplicações de herbicidas de forma inadequada podem resultar em falhas no controle das plantas daninhas e/ou intoxicação da cultura, ocasionando em perda de produtividade. Nesta pesquisa foram avaliados os efeitos da altura da barra porta-bicos na distribuição da calda para o controle de plantas daninhas, influenciando a intoxicação do feijoeiro e a produtividade da cultura. Foram realizados experimentos em condições de laboratório e de campo. Em laboratório, avaliou-se o desempenho das pontas de pulverização TT 11002 de jato plano nas alturas de 0,20, 0,30, 0,40 e 0,50 m, em relação à superfície do alvo. No campo, as mesmas alturas foram avaliadas nas aplicações dos herbicidas fomesafen, fluazifop-p-butil e fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butil. Observou-se relação inversa entre a altura da barra e o coeficiente de variação dos perfis. Melhor eficiência da mistura em tanque de fluazifop-p-butil + fomesafen foi obtida com altura de 0,50 m do alvo. Este tratamento resultou em melhor controle das plantas daninhas, menor intoxicação do feijoeiro e melhores índices produtivos da cultura.

ABSTRACTInadequate herbicide application can result in failures in weed control and/or poisoning of the crops, resulting in yield losses. In this research were assessed the effects of the sprayer nozzle boom height in the distribution of the spray solution for weed control, influencing intoxication of beans and crop yield. Experiments were conducted in laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory, the performance of flat spray tip TT 11002 was assessed at heights 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 meters with respect to the target surface. In the field the same heights were assessed in applications of herbicides fomesafen, fluazifop-P-butyl and fomesafen + fluazifop-P-butyl. There was an inverse relationship between the height of the spray boom and the coefficients of variation of the patterns. The mixture better efficiency in a tank of fluazifop-P-butyl + fomesafen was obtained with the height of 0.50 m from the target. This treatment resulted in better weed control, lower poisoning of the bean plants and better crop yield rates.

A competição por nutrientes varia com as espécies envolvidas e pode determinar o sucesso de plantas cultivadas em detrimento das espécies daninhas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da competição entre três cultivares de milho (híbrido DKB 390 YG, variedade AL 25 e híbrido SHS 4080) e seis espécies de plantas daninhas (Bidenspilosa, Cenchrus echinatus, Brachiaria brizantha, Commelina benghalensis, Brachiaria plantaginea e Euphorbia heterophylla) no acúmulo e na alocação de nutrientes pelas plantas, determinando-se também o potencial dessas espécies em ciclar nutrientes. O experimento foi realizado em condições controladas de temperatura e umidade, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. O período de convivência entre os cultivares de milho e as plantas daninhas foi de 60 dias após emergência do milho. Os cultivares de milho apresentaram reduzida capacidade de acumular nutrientes quando em competição. O conteúdo relativo das espécies infestantes foi severamente reduzido em função dessa convivência. A capacidade de acumular nutrientes aparentemente não representa vantagem competitiva para as espécies infestantes. O cultivar AL 25 foi o que menos tolerou a competição, e B. brizantha e C. benghalensis foram as espécies com maior capacidade competitiva. B. brizantha e C. echinatus, livre da convivência com o milho, apresentaram elevado potencial em ciclar nutrientes.

Competition for nutrients varies with the species involved and can determine the success of plants grown at the expense of weeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of competition among three cultivars of maize (hybrid DKB 390 YG, variety AL 25, and hybrid SHS 4080) and six weed species (Bidens pilosa, Cenchrus echinatus, Brachiaria brizantha, Commelina benghalensis, Brachiaria plantaginea and Euphorbia heterophylla) on the accumulation and allocation of nutrients by plants, also determining the potential of these species in nutrient cycling. The experiment was conducted under controlled temperature and humidity, in a randomized block design with four replications. The period of coexistence between corn and weeds was 60 days after corn emergence. The maize cultivars showed reduced ability to accumulate nutrients when in competition. The relative content of weed species was severely reduced as a result ofthis coexistence. The ability to accumulate nutrients apparently does not represent a competitive advantage forthe infesting species. Cultivar AL 25 was the species that tolerated the competition the least and B. brizantha and C. benghalensis showed greater competitive ability. B. brizantha and C. echinatus, free from coexistence with the corn, had high potential for nutrient cycling.

The objective of the present study was verify the influence of specimen dimensions on polymerization contraction stress of a self-cure dental composite and investigate the influence of confinement (expressed by the ratio between the bonded and unbonded area of the composite, or 'C factor') and volume of the specimen on stress values. The composite was inserted between the flat surfaces two glass rods attached to a universal testing machine. Specimen dimensions were defined using glass rods with different diameters (2.5, 5, or 8 mm) and adjusting the distance between them (0.63, 0.83, 1.25 or 2.5 mm). An extensometer was used to keep specimen height constant. Force development was monitored for 30 min and the maximum value was used to calculate nominal stress (MPa). System deformation (compliance) was estimated in order to calculate stress values on an ideally rigid situation. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey test (alpha=0.05) and regression analysis. The interaction was significant (p<0.001). Differences in nominal stress for different heights were verified only for 5-mm and 8-mm diameter specimens. In general, lower heights produced higher stress values. Regression analysis using all the collected data showed a linear correlation between stress and 'C factor'. However, non-linear relationships were found when stress was plotted against 'C factor' or volume selecting specimens with similar same diameter. It was concluded that specimen dimensions influenced test results. However, neither 'C factor' nor volume can be considered reliable predictors of contraction stress values.

Six species of Leishmania are at present known to cause cutaneous and/or mucocutaneous leishamniasis in Brazil, and they are all to be found in the Amazon region of this country. The eco-epidemiology of each is discussed, with the observation that the Amazonian leishmaniases are all zoonoses, with their source in silvatic mammals and phlebotomine sandfly vectors. With man's destruction of the natural forest in southern Brazil, some sandfly species have survived by adapting to a peridomestic or domiciliary habitat in rural areas. Some domestic animals, such as dogs and equines are seemingly now involved in the epidemiology of the disease. No such process has yet been reported in the Amazon region, but may well take place with the continuing devastation of its forest.